{"id":733,"date":"2024-07-19T13:15:00","date_gmt":"2024-07-19T10:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hosting.in.ua\/blog\/?p=733"},"modified":"2025-11-19T13:34:14","modified_gmt":"2025-11-19T11:34:14","slug":"principles-of-using-the-nfs-file-system-to-create-shared-network-resources-based-on-linux-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hosting.in.ua\/blog\/en\/software-configuration\/principles-of-using-the-nfs-file-system-to-create-shared-network-resources-based-on-linux-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Principles of using the NFS file system to create shared network resources based on Linux systems"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Creating shared network resources within a cluster is an essential part of a network administrator\u2019s work. A number of software tools can be used to configure such clusters, including NCP (NetWare Core Protocol)<\/strong>, SMB (Server Message Block)<\/strong>, and several others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, for Linux-based systems, the most widely used network protocol is NFS (Network File System)<\/strong>, which is designed to work with various types of file systems. Unlike, for example, FTP<\/strong>, it provides transparent access to remote files, making operations with them no different from working with local files.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let\u2019s look at the protocol\u2019s features and examples of its practical application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Characteristics of the NFS Protocol<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The protocol was developed by Sun Microsystems<\/strong> based on the open network protocol for remote procedure calls \u2014 RPC (Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NFS<\/strong> has both client and server components, which are installed on network nodes independently of one another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Clients gain access to server resources by sending requests to the server in the RPC<\/strong> format.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here are some of the most important characteristics of NFS<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Hardware independence of network nodes;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Support for most well-known operating systems (OS): Windows, macOS, IBM i, and others;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Recovery after client or server failures;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Transparent access to remote resources without recompilation, path adjustments, or additional libraries;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Performance comparable to disk storage devices;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Remote and local files appear identical to the client;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Ability to use the TCP\/IP protocol stack for transport;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • The server receives requests from the client on a fixed port, 2049<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Improved performance due to the use of multiple NFS servers or user-defined nfsd<\/strong> processes depending on system configuration;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Each cluster node can function as both a server and a client.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    The current latest version of the software is version 4.2<\/strong>, which includes, in particular, server-side cloning and copying operations, application data blocks, reservation tools, sparse files, and other enhancements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Depending on the implementation, NFS<\/strong> may include several additional modules that expand its functionality. For example, the NLM lock manager<\/strong> and the NSM<\/strong> service, which monitors network status. Their combined use helps optimize system performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Practical Use of NFS<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    In practice, two main approaches are commonly used to organize an NFS<\/strong>-based cluster:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Using a shared storage directory on the server;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Using remote user home directories instead of local ones.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Both options help significantly reduce disk usage on client machines and optimize user workflows within the cluster.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Let\u2019s explore how to implement each approach when the cluster consists of two nodes running Ubuntu 22.04<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Configuring Shared Storage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      In this case, there is no need to provide root access<\/strong> to server resources from the clients, meaning the server is not exposed to unnecessary risk. A method for implementing such an architecture is already built into the protocol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      By default, the protocol is configured so that all client root commands<\/strong> are automatically mapped to the nobody:nogroup<\/strong> account. The administrator only needs to change the owner of the shared resource on the server to match this account\u2019s parameters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n\n\n

      System Update<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      Before installing the server component, the server\u2019s software environment must be updated.
      Use the following commands:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      $ sudo apt update
      $ sudo apt list --upgradable<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      \n\n\n\n
      Installing and Activating the NFS Server<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
      After the update is complete, you can proceed with installation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      $ sudo apt install nfs-kernel-server<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      After running the command, the application deployment process will begin.
      In the final output window, you should see the message \u201cSetting up nfs-kernel-server 1:2.6.1 …\u201d<\/strong>, confirming that the installation finished successfully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      Next, start the NFS server<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      $ sudo systemctl start nfs-kernel-server.service<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      \n\n\n\n
      Creating a Shared Resource on the Server<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
      Create a shared directory on the server named all_users<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      $ sudo mkdir \/var\/nfs\/all_users -p<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      The newly created directory is owned by root<\/strong>.
      Change the owner so that NFS<\/strong> blocks administrative requests, as described earlier:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      $ sudo chown nobody:nogroup \/var\/nfs\/all_users<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      The shared resource is now configured and almost ready for export. All that remains is to set export parameters that define access rights and other characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      To do this, we use the system file \/etc\/exports<\/strong>. Open it with the nano<\/strong> editor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      $ sudo nano \/etc\/exports<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      Insert the following line into the file:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      \/var\/nfs\/all_users 178.21.139.65(rw,sync,no_subtree_check)<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      The options in parentheses mean the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      • rw<\/strong> \u2013 allows reading and writing data;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • sync<\/strong> \u2013 synchronizes the current directory state before each client response;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • no_subtree_check<\/strong> \u2013 disables subtree checking when verifying file availability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
        \n\n\n\n
        Configuring UFW<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
        To allow the client to access the shared resource through server port 2049<\/strong>, firewall rules must be updated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        First, enable UFW:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        $ sudo ufw enable<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        The output should include:
        \u201cFirewall is active and enabled …\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
        Check the current rules:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        $ sudo ufw status<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        The output will look similar to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        To Action From
        80\/tcp ALLOW Anywhere
        22\/tcp ALLOW Anywhere
        80\/tcp (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
        22\/tcp (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        Add a rule:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        $ sudo ufw allow from 178.21.139.65 to any port nfs<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        Here, 178.21.139.65<\/strong> is the client machine\u2019s IP address.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        The command will output: \u201cRule added\u201d<\/strong>, indicating success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        After checking the updated firewall rules, a line like this will appear:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        To Action From
        2049 ALLOW 178.21.139.65<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        This confirms that client access to the server is now open.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        Client Configuration<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
        On the client machine, you also need to update the software environment, just like we did earlier for the server, and then install the client component by running:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        $ sudo apt install nfs-common<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        After successful installation, the output should show a message like:
        \u201cSetting up nfs-common 1:2.6.1\u2026\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
        Configuring Remote User Home Directory<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
        When configuring such a cluster, many steps are the same as those we performed on the server side when setting up the shared resource. The difference lies in that there is no need to change the directory owner, and there are different entries in the configuration file \/etc\/exports<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        For the cluster configuration, we will use the existing home<\/strong> directory on the server.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        Make the necessary changes in the \/etc\/exports<\/strong> file:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        $ sudo nano \/etc\/exports<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        Insert the following line into the opened file:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        \/home 178.21.139.65(rw,sync,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check)<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        Here, the no_root_squash<\/strong> parameter disables the default NFS behavior and allows the client to have root access to the home directory. The other parameter values have been previously explained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        Mounting Server Resources on the Client Machine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
        No matter which type of cluster configuration is used, the same mount operations are employed. Let\u2019s look at the sequence of steps for mounting directories in both of the previously discussed cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        Create empty directories on the client machine that correspond to the server\u2019s resources:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        $ sudo mkdir -p \/nfs\/all_users
        $ sudo mkdir -p \/nfs\/home<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        The mount commands will look like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        $ sudo mount 178.21.139.66:\/var\/nfs\/all_users \/nfs\/all_users
        $ sudo mount 178.21.139.66:\/home \/nfs\/home<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        Where 178.21.139.66<\/strong> is the server\u2019s IP address.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        Verify the result of these commands:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        $ df -h<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        The command\u2019s output should look roughly like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        \n
        Filesystem                                       Size       Used            Avail        Use%     Mounted on<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
        tmpfs                                                192M    2.4M            190M       2%          \/run<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
        \/dev\/vda2                                         24G      8.6G            15G         38%         \/<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
        tmpfs                                                958M    0                  958M     0%          \/dev\/shm<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
        178.21.139.66:\/var\/nfs\/all_users     24G       18G              5.8G        75%    \/nfs\/all_users<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
        178.21.139.66:\/home                      24G       18G              5.8G        75%       \/nfs\/home<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
        You can confirm that, in our case, the shared resources are successfully mounted on the client machine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        Access Verification<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
        Check the accessibility of the server\u2019s resources. In the shared directory all_users<\/strong>, create a test file named all_users.new<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        $ sudo touch \/nfs\/all_users\/all_users.new<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        Check the file ownership permissions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        $ ls -l \/nfs\/all_users\/all_users.new<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        The result should be roughly:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        -rw-r--r-- 1 nobody nogroup 0 Mar 12 11:06 \/nfs\/all_users\/all_users.new<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        This result indicates that the shared resource is correctly configured, because its owner is nobody nogroup<\/strong>, not root<\/strong>. This means that the client cannot perform actions that require administrative privileges here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        Similarly, create a test file named home.new<\/strong> in the remote home directory:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        $ sudo touch \/nfs\/home\/home.new<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        Check the owner\u2019s permissions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        $ ls -l \/nfs\/home\/home.new<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        Output of the command:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 12 11:12 \/nfs\/home\/home.new<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        You can confirm that the file owner is the root<\/strong> user. This means that administrative actions from the client are allowed here, which fully corresponds to our initial settings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        Mounting Automation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
        After every reboot of the client machine, the mounted shared resources are reset unless they are listed in the \/etc\/fstab<\/strong> file. If they are listed there, mounting happens automatically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        You can add the required records to the file using the command:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        $ sudo nano \/etc\/fstab<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        Add the following lines to the file:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        178.21.139.66:\/var\/nfs\/all_users \/nfs\/all_users nfs auto,nofail,noatime,nolock,intr,tcp,actimeo=1800 0 0
        178.21.139.66:\/home \/nfs\/home nfs auto,nofail,noatime,nolock,intr,tcp,actimeo=1800 0 0<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
        After saving the changes, the resources will be mounted automatically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        If you need to disable automatic mounting, simply comment out the entries above or remove the auto<\/strong> parameter.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
        Creating shared network resources within a cluster is an essential part of a network administrator\u2019s work. A number of software tools can be used to configure such clusters, including NCP (NetWare Core Protocol), SMB (Server Message Block), and several others. However, for Linux-based systems, the most widely used network protocol is NFS (Network File System),… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":504,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-733","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-software-configuration"],"yoast_head":"\nPrinciples of using the NFS file system - \u0411\u043b\u043e\u0433 Hosting in Ukraine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Features of the NFS (Network File System) protocol, principles of use, and examples of its practical 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